MTBF, MTTR and MTTF. The TPM (Total Productive Maintenance) system is now widely implemented in manufacturing companies. Measuring the effectiveness of the implementation of this system is usually carried out by the following Key Performance Indicators: OEE, MTBF, MTTR and MTTF. It is difficult to identify a production company that implements the lean management philosophy without a TPM system. The purpose of TPM is the improvement of the efficiency of the use of a machine park by reducing the so-called Six Big Losses:
- Failures
- Too long changeover times
- Microdowntime in machine operation
- Reduced speed of work
- Qualitative deficiencies
- Reduced performance during machine start-up
The TPM system uses a number of indicators that support the measuring of progress in the area of improving machine utilization. Among them are the MTTF, MTBF and MTTR indicators.
What are the MTTF, MTBF and MTTR indicators?
Everyone will surely agree that OEE (Overall Equipment Efficiency) is the most frequently used indicator when implementing TPM in any company. The OEE indicator allows the six big losses in machine operation to be assigned to 3 areas: availability, use, and the quality of products that were manufactured on it. Therefore, the OEE indicator measures the efficiency of machine use. Conclusions resulting from the analysis of the OEE indicator are useful for the Production and Maintenance departments. From the point of view of TPM, the key loss in the efficiency of machines are their failures. Their reduction has an impact on the improvement of the availability of machines. The OEE indicator has many applications. It allows, among other things, for the indication of what part of all losses in a machine’s operation are failures. However, this indicator does not analyze the failures themselves in detail. This is the purpose of the three other key indicators, which areassociated mainly with the Maintenance departments:
- MTTR –Mean time to repair
- MTTF –Mean time to failure
- MTBF –Mean time between failures
Measuring them, reviewing their trends, and drawing conclusions from them is crucial in order to minimize downtime and thus improve machine availability.
How to calculate and measure the MTTF, MTBF and MTTR indicators?
If your company counts OEE, you have all the data to calculate the MTTR, MTTF and MTBF indicators. Yes, this is because you need the following information to calculate them:
- Available production time (decreased by scheduled interruptions)
- Failure time (downtime)
- Number of remedial events
Available production time is one of the three factors that contribute to the OEE indicator. Failure time is the data that is necessary to calculate availability. The number of remedial events is the data collected by all Maintenance Departments, as it is necessary to calculate the failure time. So how should the MTTF, MTBF and MTTR indicators be calculated?
- MTTR = failure time/number of remedial events [min]
- MTTF = (available working time – failure time)/number of events [min]
- MTBF = MTTR + MTTF [min]
The analysis of the MTTF, MTBF and MTTR indicators works best when their trends are followed in the subsequent days/weeks/months. It then becomes apparent whether the TPM activities are bringing the intended results. The key challenge is how deeply the MTTF, MTBF and MTTR indicators should be analyzed in a company. Do you analyze all machines throughout the entire plant? Do you focus on a selected machine? Or maybe you should choose specific parts or tools on the machine? The answer to all these questions is: YES. The MTTF, MTBF and MTTR indicators should be tracked for the entire factory (to track the efficiency of UR services),and alsofor the selected parts of a specific machine (to know when to preventively inspect or replace this part). In order to effectively select the machines that should be analyzed in detail in terms of measuring the MTTF, MTBF and MTTR indicators, an approach called Lean Maintenance should be used. This approach identifies priority machines in the process by analyzing their:
- Impact on the production system
- Position in the value stream
- Impact on customers
When a given machine is selected as a priority machine, it is necessary to analyze the failure frequency of its parts (tools, equipment), whilst taking into account:
- The effect of failure of the machine’s parts on the machine’s performance
- The predictability of the occurrence of failure of a given part
- The frequency of the occurrence of failure of a given part
In this way, priority machines can be designated, and on them key parts (tools and equipment) can be specified. This is essential inorder to effectively designate those parts that should be measured by the MTTF, MTBF and MTTR indicators.
Why calculate and measure the MTTF, MTBF and MTTR indicators?
- In order to schedule the time of inspections or preventive replacements of key parts on priority machines
When key parts are designated on priority machines, a preventative replacement time of a given part can be assumed. This time is most often determined by adopting the following principle: preventive replacement of parts every 85% of MTBF. If the mean time between failures for a part is, e.g. 1000 minutes, then its preventive replacement should take place after 850 minutes. The assumed 85% of MTBF is a generally accepted rule that can be adapted to the needs of each individual company. However, it is essential that such preventive replacements take place on key parts of the machine.
This can be compared to replacing a light bulb in a lamp. At home, a bulb is replaced when it fails –when it burns out. This is a non-essential part, the failure of which does not have a major impact on our lives. We have many other lamps at home and we can replace the bulb after a longer time. In a surgery room in a hospital, a bulb failure can have a huge impact on the quality of surgery. In such a situation, preventive replacement may take place every 85% of MTBF. This means that the bulb is replaced while it is still working! However, the lamp in the surgery room is a priority device and there should never be a situation in which part of it has no light. That is why it is so important before measuring the MTTF, MTBF and MTTR indicators to prioritize machines and then identify their key parts.
- In order to check the effectiveness of the maintenance services (MS) in the plant
Yes, the MTTF, MTBF and MTTR indicators are excellent KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) for the Maintenance Department – the MTTR indicator in particular. When using the MTTF, MTBF and MTTR indicators as KPIs for the Maintenance Department, you should first of all track them with regards to the entire factory (all machines and devices) in order to capture the general trend. A good trend is when, e.g. the MTTR indicators are decreasing. This means that the average time of removing failure is getting shorter and shorter.
- In order to measure progress in the reduction of breakdown times at the plant
An article concerning the mapping of the failure removal process was published in one of the earlier issues of MS. Mapping the process of removingfailure helps to analyze this process and to separate operations that add value from those that are wasteful. Practice shows that over 50% of actions taken in the process of removing failures are wasted! These includee.g. the operator’s attempt to find a mechanic, mechanics looking for parts, the lack of tools and materials, and many others. These are common organizational problems. The longer the time of removing failures, the lower the availability of the machine. Analysis of the failure removal process, and looking for improvement solutions in terms of improving the organization of this process, translates into a reduction ofthe MTTR indicator.
- In order to measure progress in the implementation of Autonomous Maintenance activities
Autonomous Maintenance (AM) is one of the pillars of the TPM system. Most production plants begin their adventure with TPM with the implementation of AM. And rightly so! Thanks to AM, the awareness of operators in the technical area increases. Operators begin to care for their machine as if it was their private car. They begin to spot faults before they turn into failures. Thanks to AM, the value of the MTBF indicator is improving – simply, breakdowns occur less frequently because their causes (defects) are removed before they turn into a serious problem on the machine.
Summary
Measuring the MTTF, MTBF, and MTTR indicators is not just for seeing the overall trends in the operation of the maintenance services in the plant. Thanks to these indicators, the preventive maintenance and replacements of parts on priority machines can be planned. They also provide an opportunity to analyze the effectiveness of the implementation of actions related to the reduction of failure removal time. They are an excellent measure of the implementation of Autonomous Maintenance activities,which are the basis for implementing a TPM system. These indicators are closely related to the analysis of the failure rate, and therefore they are a great support for Maintenance Departments in production plants. It is worth using these indicators, not only to measure them, but also to draw conclusions and implement actions that aim to reduce the failure rate of machines and shorten the time of removing failures. All this will translate into an increased availability of machines and the improvement of the OEE indicator.
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Dr. Bartosz Misiurek is a co-founder of a few start-ups like Leantrix, Lean Community, Leancoin, etwi, Lean Global Consulting, Sallar. He is a CEO at LeanTrix Ltd., Leancoin Ltd, Do Lean IT OU, and a Member of the Board at Astral Hodling OU. Author of the book “Standardized Work with TWI: Eliminating Human Errors in Production and Service Processes.” He works as Sr Manager and TWI Global Coach at Automotive Company.
